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Anton Webern

1883 - 1945

Autriche

Anton Webern (3 décembre 1883 à Vienne – 15 septembre 1945 à Mittersill) est un compositeur et chef d'orchestre autrichien. Un des premiers élèves d’Arnold Schönberg, il appartient au premier cercle de la Seconde école de Vienne.
Son nom à la naissance est Anton Friedrich Wilhelm von Webern, mais il abandonne la particule von en 1918.

Après de nombreuses compositions tonales de jeunesse, en 1909 (Cinq Lieder opus 3), il délaisse le système tonal, au profit d'une écriture atonale libre dans un style expressionniste. Il explore également la petite forme (aphorisme, on a même souvent associé l'esthétique wébernienne à celle des Haïku japonais), ainsi que la Klangfarbenmelodie élaborée par Schönberg dans ses propres Cinq pièces pour orchestre opus 16 (n°3: Farben, et n°5 le récitatif obligé). En 1924 (Kinderstück), suivant de près Schönberg et Berg, Webern remplace la libre atonalité par la technique du dodécaphonisme.
À partir de ce moment, la musique de Webern se concentre vers une organisation de plus en plus rationalisée des sons non seulement dans leurs hauteurs (série), mais d'une certaine façon également dans leurs durées, tout en faisant un emploi de plus en plus important du contrepoint: canons (Symphonie opus 21…), fugue (Quatuor opus 28). Dans ses Variations pour orchestre opus 30 et sa Deuxième cantate opus 31, il élabore un traitement sériel en chaînes et réseaux, que sa mort l'empêcha de poursuivre.
Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, on a vu en Webern une nouvelle voie à suivre dans le domaine de la composition. La musique tonale ayant été assimilée par certains comme la musique du nazisme et du fascisme, il fallait dénazifier la culture, et d'aucuns avaient le sentiment que l'art ne pourrait plus être comme avant, ayant échoué à empêcher la Shoah.

Webern was not a prolific composer; just thirty-one of his compositions were published in his lifetime, and when Pierre Boulez oversaw a project to record all of his compositions, including those without opus numbers, the results fit on just six CDs.[9] However, his influence on later composers, and on post-WWII avant garde music developments in Europe and America were immense, particularly in Paris under the influence of the Webern disciple, Rene Leibowitz and at Darmstadt; and concurrently, in New York City under the influences of another Webern disciple, the composer, Stefan Wolpe and the French composer-conductor, Jacques-Louis Monod. His mature works, using Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique, have a textural clarity and emotional coolness which greatly influenced composers at Darmstadt, such as Pierre Boulez, Luigi Nono, and Karlheinz Stockhausen.

The symmetry of Webern's tone row from Variations, Op. 30 Play (help·info), is apparent from the equivalent, P1=IR1 and R12=I12, and thus reduced number of row forms, two, P and R, plus transpositions. Consisting of three related tetrachords: a and c consisting of two minor seconds and one minor third and b consisting of two minor thirds and one minor second. Notes 4-7 and 6-9 also consist of two minor seconds and one minor third. "The entire series thus consists of two intervals and has the greatest possible unity of series form, interval, motif, and chords."[10]
Like almost every composer who had a career of any length, Webern's music changed over time. However, it is typified by very spartan textures, in which every note can be clearly heard; carefully chosen timbres, often resulting in very detailed instructions to the performers and use of extended instrumental techniques (flutter tonguing, col legno, and so on); wide-ranging melodic lines, often with leaps greater than an octave; and brevity: the Six Bagatelles for string quartet (1913), for instance, last about three minutes in total.
Webern's earliest works are in a late Romantic style. They were neither published nor performed in his lifetime, though they are sometimes performed today. They include the orchestral tone poem Im Sommerwind (1904) and the Langsamer Satz (1905) for string quartet.
Webern's first piece after completing his studies with Schoenberg was the Passacaglia for orchestra (1908). Harmonically, it is a step forward into a more advanced language, and the orchestration is somewhat more distinctive than his earlier orchestral work. However, it bears little relation to the fully mature works he is best known for today. One element that is typical is the form itself: the passacaglia is a form which dates back to the 17th century, and a distinguishing feature of Webern's later work was to be the use of traditional compositional techniques (especially canons) and forms (the Symphony, the Concerto, the String Trio and String Quartet, and the piano and orchestral Variations) in a modern harmonic and melodic language.
For a number of years, Webern wrote pieces which were freely atonal, much in the style of Schoenberg's early atonal works. With the Drei Volkstexte op. 17 (1925) he used Schoenberg's twelve tone technique for the first time, and all his subsequent works used this technique. The String Trio op. 20 (1927) was both the first purely instrumental work using the twelve tone technique (the other pieces were songs) and the first cast in a traditional musical form.
Webern's tone rows are often arranged to take advantage of internal symmetries; for example, a twelve-tone row may be divisible into four groups of three pitches which are variations, such as inversions and retrogrades, of each other, thus creating invariance. This gives Webern's work considerable motivic unity, although this is often obscured by the fragmentation of the melodic lines. This fragmentation occurs through octave displacement (using intervals greater than an octave) and by moving the line rapidly from instrument to instrument in a technique referred to as Klangfarbenmelodie.
Webern's last pieces seem to indicate another development in style. The two late Cantatas, for example, use larger ensembles than earlier pieces, last longer (No. 1 around nine minutes; No. 2 around sixteen), and are texturally somewhat denser. (Rétracter)... (Lire la suite)

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