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The Who
Not classified 6,301

Piano & keyboards
Piano solo 7,748
Piano, Voice 4,043
Easy Piano 2,152
Piano, Vocal and Guitar 1,466
Organ 451

C Instruments 265
Piano Accompaniment 239
1 Piano, 4 hands 149
Piano Trio: piano, violin, cello 44
2 Pianos, 4 hands 43
Big Note Piano 39
Accordion 22
Piano (band part) 14
Piano Quartet: piano, violin, viola, cello 13
Organ, Piano (duet) 11
Piano Quintet: piano, 2 violins, viola, cello 11
Piano Quartet: piano, 2 violins, cello 8
Harpsichord 7
1 Piano, 6 hands 5
Organ, Trumpet (duet) 3
Melody line, Piano 2
Keyboard 2
2 Pianos, 8 hands 1
Piano ensembles 1
Accordion, Voice 1

+ 20 instrumentations

- Retract

Guitars
Guitar notes and tablatures 882
Guitar 313
Melody line, (Lyrics) and Chords 291
Ukulele 153
Lyrics and Chords 144

Bass guitar 127
2 Guitars (duet) 53
Piano, Guitar (duet) 26
Mandolin 23
Guitar (band part) 21
Dulcimer 21
Banjo 17
3 Guitars (trio) 14
4 Guitars (Quartet) 11
Guitar Ensemble 5
Baritone Ukulele 3
Mandolin, Guitar (duet) 3
Electric Bass (band part) 2
Guitar, Flute, Clarinet 2
2 Ukuleles 1
Plectrum Orchestra 1
Guitar, Violin, Cello (trio) 1
Lap Steel Guitar 1
2 Dulcimers (duet) 1

+ 19 instrumentations

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Voice
Choral SATB 2,347
Choral 3-part 538
Choral 2-part 383
Choral TTBB 259
Choral Unison 258

Choral SSAA 148
Vocal duet, Piano 103
Voice solo 57
Vocal duet 48
Alto voice, Piano 43
Tenor voice, Piano 37
Soprano voice, Piano 37
Tenor voice 35
Choral 29
Soprano voice 26
High voice 20
Medium voice, Piano 15
Mezzo-Soprano voice, Piano 9
Baritone voice, Piano 7
Low voice, Piano 6
Choral SSATTB 6
Choral SSAATTBB 4
Soli, Mixted choir and accompaniment 3
Low voice 2
Choral SSATB 2
Voice, Guitar 1
Choral SSAB, Piano 1
Choral SSAATB 1

+ 23 instrumentations

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Woodwind
Flute and Piano 408
Saxophone Quartet: 4 saxophones 345
Woodwind Quintet: flute, oboe, bassoon, clarinet, horn 336
Saxophone (band part) 315
Clarinet and Piano 313

2 Saxophones (duet) 270
Oboe, Piano (duet) 255
Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon 254
Clarinet 249
Flute 244
Alto Saxophone and Piano 239
Alto Saxophone 190
Clarinet Quartet: 4 clarinets 182
Tenor Saxophone and Piano 155
2 Flutes (duet) 153
Oboe (band part) 143
Soprano Saxophone and Piano 141
2 Clarinets (duet) 137
Saxophone Quintet: 5 Saxophones 132
Baritone Saxophone, Piano 93
Flute, Clarinet (duet) 77
English horn, Piano 73
Flute ensemble 73
Clarinet Ensemble 71
3 Saxophones (trio) 65
2 Oboes (duet) 60
Flute Quartet: 4 flutes 60
3 Clarinets (trio) 60
Flute and Guitar 54
Clarinet (band part) 53
Saxophone, Clarinet (duet) 49
Clarinet, Violin (duet) 46
2 Recorders (duet) 42
Saxophone ensemble 42
Recorder Quartet 40
Clarinet Quintet: 5 clarinets 39
Oboe, Bassoon (duet) 39
Bass Clarinet, Piano 39
Descant (Soprano) Recorder 34
Clarinet, Guitar (duet) 33
Clarinet, Bassoon (duet) 30
Flute, Violin 28
Flute Quintet : 5 flutes 27
Recorder 26
Clarinet and Viola 25
Flute Trio: 3 flutes 25
English Horn 25
Clarinet, Trumpet (duet) 24
5 Recorders 24
Oboe, Clarinet (duet) 23
Tenor Saxophone 22
Flute (band part) 21
Saxophone 20
Flute, Trumpet (duet) 17
Oboe, Flute 17
Flute, Viola (duet) 16
Flute, Saxophone (duet) 16
Treble (Alto) Recorder 16
Oboe 15
Flute, Oboe, Clarinet (trio) 15
Harmonica 15
Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon (trio) 14
Soprano Saxophone 13
Flute, Violoncello 13
3 Recorders (trio) 11
Flute, Clarinet and Bassoon. 9
Treble (Alto) Recorder, Piano 9
Flute, Oboe (duet) 9
English Horn, Guitar (duet) 8
Baritone Saxophone 8
Descent (Soprano) Recorder, Piano 8
Clarinet, Cello (duet) 8
2 Clarinets, Piano 7
Flute, Clarinet, Piano (trio) 7
Recorder Ensemble 7
Pennywhistle 6
Recorder, Guitar (duet) 6
Tenor Recorder 6
2 Flutes, Piano 6
Oboe, Cello 6
Piccolo, Piano 5
Saxophone and Guitar 5
Clarinet, Harp (duet) 4
Eb Instruments 4
Saxophone and Harp 4
Oboe, Violin (duet) 4
Flute, Bassoon, and Piano 4
Saxophone and Organ 4
2 English horns and Pianoforte 3
4 Oboes 3
Oboe and viola (duet) 3
2 Oboes, Piano 3
Flute, Clarinet, Violin (trio) 3
Flute, Clarinet, Horn and Bassoon (Quartet) 2
Recorder, Piano 2
Oboe, Bassoon and Piano 2
Treble (Alto) Recorder, Basso continuo 2
Flute, Violin, Piano 2
2 Clarinets, Bassoon 2
Bass Clarinet 2
Flute, Cello, Guitar 2
Oboe, Harp 2
Bagpipe 2
3 Oboes 2
Flute, Cello, Piano (trio) 2
Flute, harp and violin 2
Oboe, Guitar (duet) 2
Flute, Oboe, Bassoon 2
English horn, Harp (duet) 1
Flute, Organ (duet) 1
Flute, Viola and harp 1
Flute, trombone and piano 1
Clarinet Quintet: Clarinet, String Quartet 1
Flute, Violin and Violoncello 1
Oboe ensemble 1
Piccolo 1
Flute, Oboe, Piano (trio) 1
Flute, Violin, Violoncello and Piano 1
Flute, Oboe, Violin 1
Clarinet, Trombone (duet) 1
Flute, Trombone (duet) 1

+ 116 instrumentations

- Retract

Woodbrass
Brass Quintet: 2 trumpets, horn, trombone, tuba 310
Trumpet 232
Trombone and Piano 232
Trumpet, Piano 211
Brass quartet : 2 trumpets, trombone, tuba 202

French Horn and Piano 175
Trombone 164
French horn 134
Tuba 117
Trombone (band part) 115
Trumpet (band part) 102
Tuba and Piano 99
Euphonium, Piano (duet) 74
English horn, Piano 73
2 Trumpets (duet) 72
2 Trombones (duet) 61
2 French horns (duet) 49
Trumpet, Trombone (duet) 41
Brass Quartet 37
Brass Quartet: 2 trumpets, horn, trombone 37
French horn (band part) 37
Trumpet, Saxophone (duet) 32
Brass Quartet: 4 trombones 32
2 Tubas (duet) 26
English Horn 25
Trumpet, Horn (duert) 20
Trombone ensemble 18
Brass Quartet: 4 trumpets 18
3 Trombones (trio) 16
Tuba (band part) 16
Brass Quartet: 4 horns 16
Tuba and Organ 12
Trumpet ensemble 11
2 Euphoniums and 2 Tubas 11
Horn Ensemble 10
Brass Trio 8
English Horn, Guitar (duet) 8
4 Tubas 8
Euphonium 7
Trombone, Horn (duet) 7
Brass Quartet: 2 trumpets, 2 trombones 6
Bb Instruments 6
Horn, Tuba (duet) 5
2 Euphoniums (duet) 5
Bass Trombone and Piano 5
Bass Clef Instruments 5
Trombone, Tuba (duet) 5
Trumpet, Tuba (duet) 4
2 English horns and Pianoforte 3
Trumpet, Harp 3
French Horn and Harp 3
Euphonium, Tuba (duet) 3
Horn, Cello (duet) 2
2 Trumpets, Keyboard (piano or organ) 2
2 French horns, Piano 2
Trumpet and Guitar 2
3 Tubas (trio) 2
English horn, Harp (duet) 1
French horn and Basson (duet) 1
3 Trumpets (trio) 1
3 French horns (trio) 1
4 Euphoniums 1
Trumpet, violin (duet) 1
Tuba or Euphonium or Saxhorn 1
Trombone and Orchestra 1
Trombone, Violin (duet) 1
Horn and Organ 1
F Instruments 1
Tuba ensemble 1

+ 64 instrumentations

- Retract

Strings
String Quartet: 2 violins, viola, cello 865
Violin and Piano 510
Violin 427
Cello, Piano 331
Harp 279

Viola, Piano 269
Cello (band part) 201
Viola 171
2 Violins (duet) 147
Violin, Cello (duet) 143
String Trio: violin, viola, cello 130
2 Cellos (duet) 96
Double Bass 87
Violin, Viola (duet) 84
Double bass, Piano (duet) 83
2 Violas (duet) 79
Cello 72
Viola (band part) 58
String Quintet: 2 violins, viola, cello, bass 53
Violin (band part) 37
Viola, Cello (duet) 37
Doublebass (band part) 33
String Trio: 2 violins, cello 32
4 Cellos 32
Violin, Guitar (duet) 30
Cello, Guitar (duet) 22
Viola, Guitar (duet) 20
Harp, Violin (duet) 19
Harp, Voice 19
String Trio: 3 cellos 19
String Quartet : 4 violas 17
Piano Trio: Violin, Viola, Piano 15
2 Harps (duet) 14
String Trio: 3 violins 14
2 Double basses (duet) 13
String quartet: 4 violins 13
String Trio: 3 violas 11
Harp, Flute (duet) 9
Cello, String Bass (duet) 6
Violin, Bassoon (duet) 5
2 Cellos, Piano 4
4 Double Basses 4
Viola and Harp 4
Viola and Bassoon 4
String Trio: 2 violins, viola 4
2 Violins, Piano 3
Cello, Organ 3
String Quintet: 2 violins, 2 violas, cello 3
Violin ensemble 3
3 Harps 3
Cello Ensemble 3
Viola and orchestra 2
5 Harps 2
String Quintet: 2 violins, viola, 2 cellos 1
Harp, String quartet 1
Violin, Clarinet, Piano (trio) 1
Harp, Violin, Violoncello 1
Harp, Cello (duet) 1
Harp and Piano 1
Viola, Organ 1
Violin, Organ 1
Cello, Orchestra 1
Harp, Trombone (duet) 1
2 Violas, Piano 1
Harp (band part) 1
Viola ensemble 1

+ 61 instrumentations

- Retract

Percussion & orchestra
Concert band 1,662
Orchestra 359
String Orchestra 336
Brass ensemble 224
Jazz Ensemble 201

Handbells 161
Chamber Orchestra 156
Drums 121
Jazz combo 71
Marching band 58
Percussion Ensemble 49
Percussion (band part) 47
Drum (band part) 20
Marimba 16
School Ensemble 6
Xylophone 6
Percussion 6
Vibraphone 6
Xylophone, Piano 5
Timpani (band part) 3
Woodwind Quintet 2
Brass Quintet: other combinaisons 2
2 Marimbas 1
Vibraphone and Marimba 1
Conga 1
Bongos 1
Bodhran 1
Orchestra, Violin 1
Xylophone (band part) 1
Flexible Instrumentation 1
Piano and Orchestra 1

Marimba, Piano (duet) 1
Marimba and Organ 1

+ 28 instrumentations

- Retract

Others
Music Theory 4
Musical course - Solfege 3

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The Who

Piano and Orchestra

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Concerto

Concerto #Piano and Orchestra #ADVANCED #Contemporary #Gyorgy Ligeti #Concerto #Schott Music - Digital #SheetMusicPlus

Piano and orchestra - difficult - For piano and orchestra. Composed by Gyorgy Ligeti (1923-2006). This edition: solo part. Downloadable. Duration 24 minut...(+)

Piano and orchestra - difficult - For piano and orchestra. Composed by Gyorgy Ligeti (1923-2006). This edition: solo part. Downloadable. Duration 24 minutes. Schott Music - Digital #Q53630. Published by Schott Music - Digital
I composed the Piano Concerto in two stages: the first three movements during the years 1985-86, the next two in 1987, the final autograph of the last movement was ready by January, 1988. The concerto is dedicated to the American conductor Mario di Bonaventura. .

The markings of the movements are the following: .

1. Vivace molto ritmico e preciso .
2. Lento e deserto .
3. Vivace cantabile .
4. Allegro risoluto .
5. Presto luminoso.

The first performance of the three-movement Concerto was on October 23rd, 1986 in Graz. Mario di Bonaventura conducted while his brother, Anthony di Bonaventura, was the soloist. Two days later the performance was repeated in the Vienna Konzerthaus. After hearing the work twice, I came to the conclusion that the third movement is not an adequate finale. my feeling of form demanded continuation, a supplement. That led to the composing of the next two movements. The premiere of the whole cycle took place on February 29th, 1988, in the Vienna Konzerthaus with the same conductor and the same pianist. .

The orchestra consisted of the following: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, trumpet, tenor trombone, percussion and strings. The flautist also plays the piccoIo, the clarinetist, the alto ocarina. The percussion is made up of diverse instruments, which one musician-virtuoso can play. It is more practical, however, if two or three musicians share the instruments. Besides traditional instruments the percussion part calls also for two simple wind instruments: the swanee whistle and the harmonica. The string instrument parts (two violins, viola, cello and doubles bass) can be performed soloistic since they do not contain divisi. For balance, however, the ensemble playing is recommended, for example 6-8 first violins, 6-8 second, 4-6 violas, 4-6 cellos, 3-4 double basses. .

In the Piano Concerto I realized new concepts of harmony and rhythm. .

The first movement is entirely written in bimetry: simultaneously 12/8 and 4/4 (8/8). This relates to the known triplet on a doule relation and in itself is nothing new. Because, however, I articulate 12 triola and 8 duola pulses, an entangled, up till now unheard kind of polymetry is created. The rhythm is additionally complicated because of asymmetric groupings inside two speed layers, which means accents are asymmetrically distributed. These groups, as in the talea technique, have a fixed, continuously repeating rhythmic structures of varying lengths in speed layers of 12/8 and 4/4. This means that the repeating pattern in the 12/8 level and the pattern in the 4/4 level do not coincide and continuously give a kaleidoscope of renewing combinations. .

In our perception we quickly resign from following particular rhythmical successions and that what is going on in time appears for us as something static, resting. This music, if it is played properly, in the right tempo and with the right accents inside particular layers, after a certain time rises, as it were, as a plane after taking off: the rhythmic action, too complex to be able to follow in detail, begins flying. This diffusion of individual structures into a different global structure is one of my basic compositional concepts: from the end of the fifties, from the orchestral works Apparitions and Atmospheres I continuously have been looking for new ways of resolving this basic question. The harmony of the first movement is based on mixtures, hence on the parallel leading of voices. This technique is used here in a rather simple form. later in the fourth movement it will be considerably developed. .

The second movement (the only slow one amongst five movements) also has a talea type of structure, it is however much simpler rhythmically, because it contains only one speed layer. The melody is consisted in the development of a rigorous interval mode in which two minor seconds and one major second alternate therefore nine notes inside an octave. This mode is transposed into different degrees and it also determines the harmony of the movement. however, in closing episode in the piano part there is a combination of diatonics (white keys) and pentatonics (black keys) led in brilliant, sparkling quasimixtures, while the orchestra continues to play in the nine tone mode. .

In this movement I used isolated sounds and extreme registers (piccolo in a very low register, bassoon in a very high register, canons played by the swanee whistle, the alto ocarina and brass with a harmon-mute' damper, cutting sound combinations of the piccolo, clarinet and oboe in an extremely high register, also alternating of a whistle-siren and xylophone). The third movement also has one speed layer and because of this it appears as simpler than the first, but actually the rhythm is very complicated in a different way here. Above the uninterrupted, fast and regular basic pulse, thanks to the asymmetric distribution of accents, different types of hemiolas and inherent melodical patterns appear (the term was coined by Gerhard Kubik in relation to central African music). If this movement is played with the adequate speed and with very clear accentuation, illusory rhythmic-melodical figures appear. These figures are not played directly. they do not appear in the score, but exist only in our perception as a result of co-operation of different voices. .

Already earlier I had experimented with illusory rhythmics, namely in Poeme symphonique for 100 metronomes (1962), in Continuum for harpsichord (1968), in Monument for two pianos (1976), and especially in the first and sixth piano etude Desordre and Automne a Varsovie (1985). .

The third movement of the Piano Concerto is up to now the clearest example of illusory rhythmics and illusory melody. In intervallic and chordal structure this movement is based on alternation, and also inter-relation of various modal and quasi-equidistant harmony spaces. The tempered twelve-part division of the octave allows for diatonical and other modal interval successions, which are not equidistant, but are based on the alternation of major and minor seconds in different groups. The tempered system also allows for the use of the anhemitonic pentatonic scale (the black keys of the piano). From equidistant scales, therefore interval formations which are based on the division of an octave in equal distances, the twelve-tone tempered system allows only chromatics (only minor seconds) and the six-tone scale (the whole-tone: only major seconds). .

Moreover, the division of the octave into four parts only minor thirds) and three parts (three major thirds) is possible. In several music cultures different equidistant divisions of an octave are accepted, for example, in the Javanese slendro into five parts, in Melanesia into seven parts, popular also in southeastern Asia, and apart from this, in southern Africa. This does not mean an exact equidistance: there is a certain tolerance for the inaccurateness of the interval tuning. .

These exotic for us, Europeans, harmony and melody have attracted me for several years. However I did not want to re-tune the piano (microtone deviations appear in the concerto only in a few places in the horn and trombone parts led in natural tones). After the period of experimenting, I got to pseudo- or quasiequidistant intervals, which is neither whole-tone nor chromatic: in the twelve-tone system, two whole-tone scales are possible, shifted a minor second apart from each other. Therefore, I connect these two scales (or sound resources), and for example, places occur where the melodies and figurations in the piano part are created from both whole tone scales. in one band one six-tone sound resource is utilized, and in the other hand, the complementary. In this way whole-tonality and chromaticism mutually reduce themselves: a type of deformed equidistancism is formed, strangely brilliant and at the same time slanting. illusory harmony, indeed being created inside the tempered twelve-tone system, but in sound quality not belonging to it anymore. .

The appearance of such slantedequidistant harmony fields alternating with modal fields and based on chords built on fifths (mainly in the piano part), complemented with mixtures built on fifths in the orchestra, gives this movement an individual, soft-metallic colour (a metallic sound resulting from harmonics). .

The fourth movement was meant to be the central movement of the Concerto. Its melodc-rhythmic elements (embryos or fragments of motives) in themselves are simple. The movement also begins simply, with a succession of overlapping of these elements in the mixture type structures. Also here a kaleidoscope is created, due to a limited number of these elements - of these pebbles in the kaleidoscope - which continuously return in augmentations and diminutions. .

Step by step, however, so that in the beginning we cannot hear it, a compiled rhythmic organization of the talea type gradually comes into daylight, based on the simultaneity of two mutually shifted to each other speed layers (also triplet and duoles, however, with different asymmetric structures than in the first movement). While longer rests are gradually filled in with motive fragments, we slowly come to the conclusion that we have found ourselves inside a rhythmic-melodical whirl: without change in tempo, only through increasing the density of the musical events, a rotation is created in the stream of successive and compiled, augmented and diminished motive fragments, and increasing the density suggests acceleration. .

Thanks to the periodical structure of the composition, always new but however of the same (all the motivic cells are similar to earlier ones but none of them are exactly repeated. the general structure is therefore self-similar), an impression is created of a gigantic, indissoluble network. Also, rhythmic structures at first hidden gradually begin to emerge, two independent speed layers with their various internal accentuations. .

This great, self-similar whirl in a very indirect way relates to musical associations, which came to my mind while watching the graphic projection of the mathematical sets of Julia and of Mandelbrot made with the help of a computer. I saw these wonderful pictures of fractal creations, made by scientists from Brema, Peitgen and Richter, for the first time in 1984. From that time they have played a great role in my musical concepts. This does not mean, however, that composing the fourth movement I used mathematical methods or iterative calculus. indeed, I did use constructions which, however, are not based on mathematical thinking, but are rather craftman's constructions (in this respect, my attitude towards mathematics is similar to that of the graphic artist Maurits Escher). .I am concerned rather with intuitional, poetic, synesthetic correspondence, not on the scientific, but on the poetic level of thinking. .

The fifth, very short Presto movement is harmonically very simple, but all the more complicated in its rhythmic structure: it is based on the further development of ''inherent patterns of the third movement. The quasi-equidistance system dominates harmonically and melodically in this movement, as in the third, alternating with harmonic fields, which are based on the division of the chromatic whole into diatonics and anhemitonic pentatonics. Polyrhythms and harmonic mixtures reach their greatest density, and at the same time this movement is strikingly light, enlightened with very bright colours: at first it seems chaotic, but after listening to it for a few times it is easy to grasp its content: many autonomous but self-similar figures which crossing themselves. .

I present my artistic credo in the Piano Concerto: I demonstrate my independence from criteria of the traditional avantgarde, as well as the fashionable postmodernism. Musical illusions which I consider to be also so important are not a goal in itself for me, but a foundation for my aesthetical attitude. I prefer musical forms which have a more object-like than processual character. Music as frozen time, as an object in imaginary space evoked by music in our imagination, as a creation which really develops in time, but in imagination it exists simultaneously in all its moments. The spell of time, the enduring its passing by, closing it in a moment of the present is my main intention as a composer. .
(Gyorgy Ligeti)

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